German Alphabet and Grammar | Top Tips

German Alphabet and Pronunciation

How many letters are in the German alphabet?

Much like the English alphabet, German has 26 standard letters. However, the German alphabet contains one additional character and umlauted forms of three vowels.

The German ligature (additional character): The letter ß, is also known as the "sharp S", "eszett" or "scharfes S", and is the only German letter that is not part of the Latin/Roman alphabet. The letter is pronounced (like the "s" in "see"). The ß is not used in any other language.

The Umlaut is the pair of dots placed over certain vowels; in standard German and its dialects, these vowels are ä, ö, ü.

How do you spell letters in German?

In German, the letters of the Alphabet are pronounced like this, and can be spelt phonetically as such:

• A = ah
• B = bay
• C = tsay
• D = day
• E = ay
• F = eff
• G = gay
• H = hah
• I = eeh
• J = yot
• K = kah
• L = ell
• M = em
• N = en
• O = oh
• P = pay
• Q = koo
• R = air
• S = es
• T = tay
• U = ooh
• V = fow
• W = vay
• X = iks
• Y = oopsilohn
• Z = tset

Ligature:

ß = Like the ‘s’ in ‘sea’

What’s the best way to learn the German Alphabet

Start by learning the basic German alphabet characters and their respective pronunciations. It helps to have a recording of the letters being spoken (slowly) so you can learn them systematically – using the old-as-time ‘Alphabet Song’ technique is a good idea.

If you have a tutor or tandem partner, have them test you by making you spell out words for them, letter by letter, so they can judge your pronunciation and knowledge of the individual letters. 

Gamifing your learning can be a great way to fast-track your German language skills. Try playing the game Hangman in German with your learning-partner.

German Grammar

Is German grammar hard?

Some people regard German as a difficult language to learn because of the grammar. The complexity of the German linguistic 'cases' (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive) is a big reason for this perception. However, with the right study methods, you can learn these in a simple way. One helpful tip is to create a table, or chart, of the cases with different pronouns, like “his”: sein, seinen, seinem, seines.

German grammar rules are highly logical, and to a great extent, they can be mastered with a combination of repetitive learning and speaking practice.

Why does German have genders?

In contrast to English, all German nouns are given one of three genders. Nouns can be masculine, feminine, or neutral. Why? Historically, it seems gendered languages were developed to make communication more clear when it came to differentiating between different nouns mentioned close together - it is a way of classing nouns to make it more obvious which is being referred to.

If you use a noun without its gender, you won’t be using it correctly, so when you use a noun in a sentence, its gender identity has to precede it in some form. This may seem daunting at first if you only speak non-gendered languages such as English, but as long as you make a habit of learning the gender along with every noun you memorize, it’ll be straightforward.

How do you identify ‘der die das’ in German?

You may have heard of the German "der die das" rule. These words are the German definite articles (forms of “the”) which let us identify the gender of a noun. When looking at the example of cutlery, we see that there is no particular pattern to this: Die Gabel (the fork), der Löffel (the spoon) and das Messer (the knife). A fork is feminine, a spoon masculine and a knife neutral. It's easy to see how new German speakers get confused, but in short: die = feminine, der = masculine and das = neutral.

Masculine nouns take the definite article, der, die, or das (the) and indefinite article, ein, eine, or ein (a/an).

Masculine nouns often have these endings:

• -er,
• -el,
• -ling,
• -ich,
• -ig,
• -ner,
• -ismus,
• -or,
• -us,
• -eich,
• -ant

Feminine nouns often have these endings:

• -e,
• -ie,
• -heit,
• -ei,
• -in,
• -ik,
• -keit,
• -schaft,
• -ung,
• -tät,
• -ur,
• -tion

Neutral nouns often have these endings:

• -chen,
• -o,
• -lein,
• -en,
• -il,
• -ma,
• -tel,
• -ment,
• -nis,
• -tum,
• -um

 

However, as with all languages - there are exceptions to the rule!

German ‘Umlaut’

Even if you did not know the word ‘Umlaut’ before, you may have seen this character when looking at German texts – or the written forms of Swedish, Hungarian, Slovak, and a few other languages. The Umlaut is the two dots that sometimes appear above the vowels a, o and u to make ä, ö, and ü.

In German, you will see the Umlaut in words such as schön (beautiful) and Vögel (birds, plural form), and it affects how these words are pronounced. 

What are Umlauts?

What are the two dots above a vowel are called?

The answer: an Umlaut.

But what do these 2 dots above a vowel mean? Umlauts are used to form three ‘mutated’ vowel sounds in the German language. The German alphabet includes the three standard vowel sounds for the letters a (ah), o (oh) and u (ooh), but when these letters are combined with the Umlaut as ä, ö, and ü, their pronunciation changes (read on to learn how). The three ‘umlauted’ vowels are official additional letters of the German alphabet.

What are German Umlauts used for?

So, we know that the Umlaut is used to change the pronunciations of three vowels in the German alphabet. But why? Historically, when the German language as we know it today was forming and developing rules, Umlauts were created. Their purpose was to merge two vowel sounds appearing directly after each other to make spoken and written German clearer.

Even today, if somebody does not have Umlaut vowel keys on their keyboard, it is still acceptable to write ä as ‘ae’, ö as ‘oe’, and ü as ‘ue’; for example, ‘für’ could be ‘fuer’, but you can already see how that is less clear.

Types and Pronunciation of German Umlauts

A short guide to the pronunciation of the German Ä, Ö, and Ü you can find below

Umlauted vowels in German, and any language which uses them, have distinct pronunciations from the non-umlauted ones.

How do you pronounce Ä in German?

The ä umlauted character is pronounced like the ‘ai’ sound in air, kind of like a mixture of a and e.

How do you pronounce Ö in German?

The ö umlauted vowel can be pronounced in a variety of different ways and sounds similar to the e in her, the i in bird, or the French eu. It’s a bit like a mixture of o and e.

How do you pronounce Ü in German?

The ü is unusual in that it doesn’t have an English equivalent, except for maybe the ‘ui’ sound in ‘suit’, but it is pronounced like the standard u is in French.

The best way to understand how umlauted vowels are pronounced is to hear them spoken by native speakers, both as individual letters and parts of words. Online tools and digital German dictionaries can offer demonstrative pronunciation guides, such as Rocket Languages.

It’s good to know that in German, there are two types of Umlaut sounds: the long and the short. Which one to use is dictated by the letters surrounding the umlauted vowel; if it is followed by a double consonant, it will generally be the short form, such as in Stück or Öffnung. To pronounce a long umlauted letter, you simply "hold" the sound longer than for the short version. The short form is a sharper, faster sound.

Here is a table that explains more about how to pronounce these unique characters:

German Letter	Phonetic Symbol	As in English	German Example
ä	Ranging between <ɛ> and <ə>	Like ‘ai’ sound in ‘air’	nächste (next)
ö	<ø>	Like the ‘er’ sound in ‘her’	schön (pretty/beautiful/nice)
ü	<y>	Like the ‘ui’ sound in ‘suit’ or ‘ooh’ with pursed lips	Lüge (lie)

Function of German Umlauts

What do Umlauts do?

Umlauts are used to change the pronunciation of vowels in the German alphabet. They are essentially a blend of two vowels, so they simplify the pronunciation and appearance of two vowels that are directly adjacent in a word into one spoken phonetic sound and written character.

More specifically, Umlauts are used to inject variety into the German vocabulary, making words more clearly distinct from one another.

For example, grammatically, Umlauts are often used in German to distinguish singular from plural nouns, such as ‘Apfel’ and ‘Äpfel’ (‘apple’ and ‘apples’) or ‘Laden’ and ‘Läden’ (‘shop’ and ‘shops’).

Umlauts are sometimes used to indicate second/third person conjugations of German verbs. The word ‘fangen’ or ‘to catch’ has the present tense forms of ich fange (I catch), du fängst (you catch), and er fängt (he catches).

In German, strong verbs most often take an Umlaut when expressed in the subjunctive or hypothetical linguistic moods – so in ‘would’ phrases.

• haben – hatte – hätte (have – had – would have)
• Ich hätte Zeit… (I would have time)
• sein – war – wäre (be – was – would be)
• Das wäre cool (that would be cool)
• mögen – mochte – möchte (like – liked – would like)
• Ich möchte gerne einen Schwarzen Kaffee (I would like a black coffee – you might want to remember this one!)

Why are Umlauts important?

As we have learned from the above, using (writing and pronouncing) the German Umlauts correctly is essential to speaking the German language clearly and conveying the correct information to the listener.

How can I type German Umlauts?

To enter characters with Umlauts while typing on a German computer keyboard, you can simply type the umlauted form of the vowels a, o, or u that you will find right there on the keyboard - easy. (You’ll also find a key for the German character ß.)

When using Windows, you must ensure that Num Lock is enabled and then hold down the Alt key while entering the correct codes for each umlauted letter. The codes are:

For uppercase letters with an Umlaut:

• Ä: Alt + 0196
• Ö: Alt + 0214
• Ü: Alt + 0220

For lowercase letters with an Umlaut:

• ä: Alt + 0228
• ö: Alt + 0246
• ü: Alt + 0252

When using a Mac, you can type the umlauted vowels by pressing the Option key while pressing the letter you wish to add an Umlaut to; it may show you a pop-up window with various diacritic options. Some Macs work so that you must hold down the option key while pressing the letter you wish to umlaut, then release both the Option key and the letter before pressing the letter again, and the umlauted version will appear.